I will first explain the general history of the material, followed by a brief explanation of how we now believe rolls of papyrus were constructed. Zoroastrianism - The main religion of the Persian Empire, it followed the teachings of Zoroaster.In the following post, I will discuss papyrus and its function in the history of writing and documentation. Ziggurats looked like pyramids with a flat top. Ziggurats - Large temples usually located at the center of a Mesopotamian city. Sumer - The first human civilization in world history, the Sumer began to form towns in 5000 BC. Stylus - A writing tool made from a reed that scribes used to make wedge shaped symbols on clay tablets. The Assyrians were experts at using siege weapons such as battering rams and siege towers. Siege weapons - Weapons used to capture cities and take down walls. Shekel - A standard unit of weight first used in Mesopotamia. They were well-respected in Mesopotamian society. Scribe - A person trained in writing cuneiform script. Persian Empire - The last major empire of Ancient Mesopotamia, the Persian Empire conquered much of the Middle East. Nebuchadnezzar - A famous king of Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt much of the city including the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Mina - A unit of weight equal to 60 shekels or around 1.25 pounds. It is mostly located in present day Iraq and Syria. Mesopotamia - A term used to describe the lands between and near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Marduk - The primary god of the Babylonians. Lyre - A stringed instrument shaped like a small harp. Irrigation - Watering crops through man-made efforts such as ditches and canals. He later became known in mythology as a demigod with superhuman strength. Gilgamesh - A Sumerian King of the city-state of Uruk. It runs from the Persian Gulf, along the Tigres and Euphrates rivers, over to the Mediterranean Sea, and down the Nile River Valley of Egypt. It uses wedge shaped marks to make picture symbols on clay tablets.Ĭylinder seal - An engraved stone cylinder used to create a seal or signature on clay tablets.ĭynasty - When one family rules a kingdom or empire for a period of time, passing down the reign to the next generation.Įmpire - A large number of states or regions that are ruled by a single leader called the emperor or empress.įertile Crescent - A large area of land in the Middle East that is shaped like a crescent on a map. It is one of the oldest detailed recordings of a code of law in world history.Ĭuneiform - One of the earliest forms of writing invented by the Sumer. It was put in place by Babylonian King Hammurabi. Typically a civilization is marked by advanced government, agriculture, science, and culture.Ĭode of Hammurabi - A written code of law from 1772 BC. The civilization of the Sumer was governed by many independent city-states.Ĭivilization - A civilization is an advanced state of human society. It was typically used for warfare and was one of the strengths of the Assyrian army.Ĭity-state - A city-state is an independently governed region that is centered around a single powerful city. The empire rose and fell over the course of ancient history.Ĭhariot - The chariot was a two wheeled vehicle pulled by horses. It was also the name of the primary god in the Assyrian religion.Īssyrian Empire - An empire known for their fierce warriors, the Assyrian Empire rose and fell several times to rule over much of Mesopotamia and the Middle East.īabylonian Empire - The Babylonian Empire ruled much of Mesopotamia from the city of Babylon. It formed when Sargon the Great conquered many of the Sumerian city-states and united them under one leader.Īqueduct - A man-made channel built to carry water from one location to another.Īshur or Assur - Assur was the original capital city of the Assyrian Empire. It replaced Sumerian as the primary language.Īkkadian Empire - The Akkadian Empire was the world's first empire. Glossary and Terms History > Ancient MesopotamiaĪkkadian - A language spoken by most of Mesopotamia.
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